Performance Model

Team Sport

Volleyball

Author: Xingyu Yang

Model entry date: 19/09/2019

Type of sport:

• Team
• Situational

Environment:

• Indoor
• Stagione:all over year
• Competition area: The surface must be flat, horizontal and uniform. It must not present any danger of injury to the players. For world and official FIVB competitions, wood or synthetic surfaces are the only permitted surfaces.
• Artificial

Materials:

• Specific technical instrumentation:
  • The net: placed vertically above the central line, at a height in its upper part of 2.43 m for men and 2.24 m for women.
  • Two white bands: fixed vertically on the net and placed exactly above each lateral line.
  • The antennas: placed on opposite sides of the network.
  • The poles: support the net and must be padded.
  • The ball: it must be spherical, made up of a soft or synthetic leather shell with an air chamber made of rubber or similar material inside.

Goal:

• Score: The match is won by the team that wins three sets. A set (except the decisive 5th set) is won by the team that first achieves 25 points with a gap of at least two points. In the case of 24 even points, the game continues until the two-point gap is reached (26-24; 27-25; etc.).

Difficulties (from 0 to 5):

• Conditional: 4.5
• Coordinative: 5 Volleyball is a sport in which an excellent and high speed of reaction and movement are required, connected with a relatively high load duration. Rapid shots over relatively short and variable travel distances (combination of different running techniques); jumps and relapses on one or both lower limbs, a multitude of striking movements with high demands for rapid use of the tactical repertoire suitable for changing situations and also intensive defense work require not only good physical fitness (speed-force fast ), but, above all, also a constant freshness and resistance to concentration (ability to anticipate, ability to react, coordination skills).
• Intellectual: 4 The development of cognitive abilities plays a leading role. Developing the ability to play means above all analyzing situations and learning solutions (Fröhner 1988; Voigt, Richter 1991). This poses, for example, high demands on the capacity for optical perception and the ability to make decisions under time pressure.

Start competitive practice (age):

• Italy: 10 years old
• China: almost 8-9 years old

Start of professional practice:

• Italy: 16 years old
• China: 15 years old

Olympic Sport

Demographics: those who practice it, those who practice it (genre), geographical distribution:

• Italy: 331,843 athletes (7.5%).

The aptitude for sporting practice is not homogeneous in the different regions of the country also, probably, due to a different availability of organized structures. The North-East is the geographical distribution with the highest share of practitioners (40.4%), followed by the North-West (39.5%) and the Center (35.3%).

• China:more than 3400 athletes are registrered,more than 2,300,000 athletes are participate the sport.

Due to the imbalance of regional development, the volleyball development in the southeast coastal cities is relatively rapid in China, followed by the central region, followed by the northern region. Due to the constraints of the northwest region, the development of its own volleyball and its The popularity is slightly behind that of other regions.

Frequency of competitions:

• Weekly

World Record:

• Nine times world champion (Cuba Women National team)
• 45 points made by Italian player Paola Egonu at 2018 women's world championship

Somatotype:

• In Italy the physique of athletes in league A1 is ECTOMORFO. The somatotype differs in relation to the role of play of both sexes: the mesomorphic component is maximal in the lifts, while the ectomorphic component is maximum in the centers.In China,all the palyers of China Volley League are almost the same as in Italy.

Morphotype:

Average height:

• Male:
  • Setter: 1.92 ± 0.06
  • Middle blocker: 2.02 ± 0.05
  • Spiker: 1.97 ± 0.05
  • Opposite: 1.99 ± 0.06
  • Libero: 1.86 ± 0.06
  • Total average: 1.97 ± 0.07
• Female:
  • Setter: 1.83± 0.06
  • Middle blocker: 1.93 ± 0.06
  • Spiker: 1.88 ± 0.06
  • Opposite: 1.85 ± 0.07
  • Libero: 1.71 ± 0.07
  • Total average: 1.84±0.06

Medium weight:

• Male: 88.7 ± 8.0
• Female: 70.3 ± 6.9

Duration:

• Competition:Min 1 h / Max 2 h and 43 '
• Action (if relevant):5 "- 7" in the active phase, 14 "- 19" in the passive phase.
• Sets: 15 '- 22'

Heart rate:

• Average Fc: 120 ± 15 bpm
• Fc min: 90 ± 10 bpm
• Max Fc: 150 ± 20 bpm

Job type:

• Acyclic

Energy system involved:

• Dominant

Feeding and hydration:

• Caloric expenditure: 4.2 Kcal / kg per hour
• Average liters lost: 600/2000 ml per hour

Motor skills:

• Conditional skills:
  • Strength
  • Fast Force
  • Explosive Force
  • Reactive Force
  • Speed and speed
• Coordinative skills:
  • All general and specific

Ability skills:

• Dribble
• Bagher
• Dive
• Rolled
• Block jump

Engine schemes:

• Roll
• Run
• Jump and land
• Throw

Work plans:

• Sagittal plan
• Frontal plan
• Transversal plan

Type of heating commonly used:

• Coordinative
• Conditional
• Technical (specific gesture)
• Mobility
• Flexibility

Main muscles involved (ascending or descending classification):

• Agonists:
  • Quadriceps
  • Sura triceps
  • Ileopsoas
  • Deltoid
  • Trapezius
  • Brachial triceps
• Synergists:
  • Ischiocrural
  • Tibialis anterior
  • Small round
  • Supraspinatus
  • Sub-spinal
• Fixators:
  • Abdominals
  • Dorsal gran
  • Rotator cuff
  • Pectoralis

Main joints involved (ascending or descending classification):

• Ankle, Knee: in all age categories and in all degrees of maturation, mainly due to the high number of jumps in rapid succession
• Vertebral column: mainly the lumbar region of the spine is affected. Starting from the pubertal development phase there is an increase in problems, above all due to the movements of stroke (especially if the central part of the body is weak), the relapses after the jumps, and the different defense positions
• Shoulder
• Finger

Basic technical gestures:

• Attack
• Block
• Bagher of reception
• Bagher of defense
• Bagher of riser

Aspects of wear and tear:

Among the typical consequences of incorrect loads we must mention:

• Maturation changes in the growth zones of the knee region, for example, OsgoodSchlatter disease, especially in the presence of very loose connective tissue;
• Pre-patellar pain syndrome resulting from the high number of jumps;
• Alteration of the maturation of vertebral bodies, especially in the thoracic tract of the column, with reduction of lumbar physiological curvature;
• Functional alterations of the tone and trophism of the paravertebral musculature and of the dorsal region caused by imbalances in the excessive activation of the anterior musculature of the trunk with respect to the posterior one;
• Tendinosis of the shoulder of the arm engaged in the stroke. The constitutional and functional factors that require particular attention if we want to guarantee the carrying capacity highlighted several times by research are:
• High stature, particularly in the period of noticeable increase in the speed of growth in puberty;
• Particular postural attitudes: often in child and adolescent development we can find postures at rest that are unfavorable from the static point of view (hollow chest, shoulders forward) that limit the opening of the arms-trunk angle, kyphotic-lordotic attitudes with the danger of a increased stress in the thoracic and lumbar region of the spine;
• Weakened muscles: lower abdomen muscles, buttocks, upper back muscles;
• Muscle shortening: ileopsoas muscle, anterior and posterior thigh muscles, calf muscles;
• In female players: frequent finding of particularly loose connective tissue.

Most frequent injuries (anatomical district):

• Knee injuries: The knee is the most frequent site of injury in volleyball players. More than 40% of high-level players suffer excessive use injuries during this activity; this particularly painful syndrome is caused by the amount of jumps typical of the volleyball game and its training that aims to strengthen the quadriceps muscle. In volleyball players the extensor apparatus is subject to high stress and the junction of the bone tendon, being the weakest point, is sensitive to injury.
• Ankle sprains: Distorting ankle trauma (CCT) is the most common injury in young athletes especially in sports activities that involve jumps, jerks or sharp changes of direction such as football, basketball, volleyball, rugby and tennis. From the literature1,2 it appears that 15-30% of patients with CCT can present a recurrent chronic symptomatology of the ankle characterized by edema, pain, often associated with functional instability of the ankle.
• Hand injuries: sprains were observed more frequently (39%), followed by fractures (25%) and bruises (16%). The fingers were involved in 44% of the cases. Most hand injuries have occurred in recreational players. The recreational players had more injuries on the left side, while the competing players had more injuries on the right side.

Specific tests:

• Sargeant test
• Bosco test
• Sit and Reach test
• CMJ test
• Vertical Jump
• Block Jump
• Overhead Volley
• Self Bump
• Test set
• Abalakov test
• Vertec Test

Video-regolamento nazionale e internazionale:

• Regolamento FIPAV
• Regolamento VOLLEY CHINA

Bibliografia: